En ny aggressiv variant af svampesygdommen hvederust truer madforsyningen i stadig flere lande, men nu tager det internationale samfund atombestråling i brug og de første seks tons af angiveligt resistent såsæd fordeles til udvalgte bønder i Kenya.
ROME, 6 September 2013 (FAO): A multinational effort supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency and FAO marked a milestone this week when a Kenyan university debuted two new varieties of disease-resistant wheat to the nation’s farmers.
Over the past two days, thousands of Kenyan farmers have visited Eldoret University in western Kenya for a two-day agriculture fair highlighting the latest farming technologies.
Supporting the development of the new varieties were the IAEA’s Technical Cooperation Department and the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture.
They manage an interregional technical cooperation project to develop varieties of wheat that are resistant to a devastating type of fungus (svamp), causing a disease known as wheat stem rust (med tre afarter: Brunrust, sortrust og gulrust).
Wheat stem rust was under control for over 30 years, but a resurgence of the disease was discovered in 1999 in Uganda that swiftly spread to neighbouring Kenya.
Sporer spredes med vinden over lange afstande
The wheat stem rust, caused by the strain of the fungus known as Ug99 named after its place and year of origin, has since spread to Iran, Yemen and South Africa and threatens crops as far away as India as spores are carried by wind.
Parasitic rusts threaten global wheat production, reducing plant growth and crop yields (afgrøder). The disease can destroy up to 70-100 percent of the yield of wheat crop if not prevented.
The rust-resistant wheat varieties were developed with the support of an IAEA technical cooperation project, “Responding to the Transboundary Threat of Wheat Black Stem Rust (Ug99), which involved more than 20 nations and international organizations.
The varieties were developed using a nuclear technique for crop improvement known as mutation breeding. By exposing seeds, or plant tissue (plantedele), to radiation, scientists accelerate the natural process of mutation, and then breeders are able to select and develop new varieties.
Sendt til bestråling i Østrig
In 2009, Miriam Kinyua, a Kenyan plant breeder, sent 10 kilograms of five varieties of wheat seed (såsæd) to the FAO/IAEA laboratories in Seibersdorf, south of Vienna, where they were irradiated (bestrålet) for mutation breeding.
These seeds were returned to Kenya where they were planted in a hot spot for the disease for screening and selection.
Kinyua and her colleagues at the University of Eldoret’s Biotechnology Department identified eight lines resistant to Ug99.
Four of these lines were submitted to Kenyan national performance trials, and two were officially approved as varieties by the national committee of the Ministry of Agriculture.
About six tonnes of seeds of the new varieties will be made available this month for the next planting season in Kenya.
“Improving food security in developing countries through the use of nuclear techniques is an important priority of the IAEA,” said IAEA Director-General Yukiya Amano.
“Wheat rusts, particularly the Ug99 strain, are a major threat to food security because rust epidemics can result in devastating yield losses. This international project involving affected countries, plant scientists and breeders and international organizations is a major breakthrough”, said FAO Director-General Jose Graziano da Silva.
Se også
http://www.maskinbladet.dk/markbrug/artikel/gates-millioner-forskning-i-hvederust
Kilde: www.fao.org
